Weather extremes caused by climate change could raise the risk of food shortages in many countries, new research suggests. The study, led by the University of Exeter, examined how climate change could affect the vulnerability of different countries to food insecurity,  when people lack access to a sufficient quantity of affordable, nutritious food.

Scientists looked at the difference between global warming of 1.5°C and 2°C (compared to pre-industrial levels) and found that despite increased vulnerability to food insecurity in both scenarios  the effects would be worse for most countries at 2°C.

The study looked at 122 developing and least-developed countries, mostly in Asia, Africa and South America. Climate change is expected to lead to more extremes of both heavy rainfall and drought, with different effects in different parts of the world.

Some change is already unavoidable, but if global warming is limited to 1.5°C, this vulnerability is projected to remain smaller than at 2°C in approximately 76% of developing countries.

Warming is expected to lead to wetter conditions on average  with floods putting food production at risk  but agriculture could also be harmed by more frequent and prolonged droughts in some areas.

Wetter conditions are expected to have the biggest impact in South and East Asia, with the most extreme projections suggesting the flow of the River Ganges could more than double at 2°C global warming.

The areas worst affected by droughts are expected to be southern Africa and South America  where flows in the Amazon are projected to decline by up to 25%. The researchers examined projected changes in weather extremes and their implications for freshwater availability and vulnerability to food insecurity.